Fig. 5

Effects of system and season on the pigment parameters (P < 0.05). The blue bars are the confidence intervals of the means, and the red arrows are the comparisons between them. If an arrow from one mean overlaps the arrow of another treatment, there are no differences between means (P > 0.05) by Tukey’s test. Chl—chlorophyll; Flav – flavonoids index; Anth – anthocyanins index; NBI—nitrogen balance (chlorophyll index/flavonoids index). H.s. + S.o. + Crop—Hancornia speciosa intercropped with annual crops (corn and pumpkin, in succession to each harvest sown between rows) and S. oleracea (‘Gueroba’) grown between the plants in the row. H.s. + S.o. – Hancornia speciosa intercropped with Syagrus oleracea (‘Gueroba’) cultivated between the plants’ rows. H.s.—Hancornia speciosa monoculture grown in full sun. H.s. + Crop—Hancornia speciosa intercropped with annual crops (corn and pumpkin, in succession to each harvest sown between rows)