Table 1 Functional studies of asparagine synthetase genes (ASN) and the conclusions made from those studies
From: Stress, nutrients and genotype: understanding and managing asparagine accumulation in wheat grain
Species | Modulation | Reported conclusions | Study |
|---|---|---|---|
Arabidopsis thaliana | ASN1 overexpression | Tolerance to N deprivation in germination Enhanced seed protein content | Lam et al. (2003) |
Slightly more N and protein content Higher dry weight | Gaufichon et al. (2017) | ||
CaAS1 overexpression | Enhanced disease resistance | Hwang et al. (2011) | |
ASN1 knockout | Some disruption of seed formation Slightly less N and more carbon Aberrant cell patterns in the embryo | Gaufichon et al. (2017) | |
ASN1 silencing | Negligible effect on virus replication | Fernández-Calvino et al. (2016) | |
ASN2 overexpression | Increased asparagine levels | Igarashi et al. (2009) | |
ASN2 knockout | Reduced salt tolerance | Maaroufi-Dguimi et al. (2011) | |
Ammonium accumulation and defective growth | Gaufichon et al. (2013) | ||
ASN3 knockout | No visible phenotype in development No difference in seed carbon or N | Gaufichon et al. (2016) | |
Brassica napus (oilseed rape) | Asna (E. coli) overexpression | Poorer performance at low N application than WT Better performance at high N | Seiffert et al. (2004) |
Capsicum annuum (capsicum pepper) | CaAS1 silencing | Increased susceptibility to disease | Hwang et al. (2011) |
Lactuca sativa (Garden lettuce) | Asna (E. coli) overexpression | Faster vegetative growth and greater dry weight Improved N status | Giannino et al. (2008) |
Nicotiana benthamiana | ASN silencing | Morphological defects upon infection Reduced virus accumulation | Fernández-Calvino et al. (2016) |
Oryza sativa (rice) | ASN1 knockout | Reduced stature and fewer tillers | Luo et al. (2019) |