Current status of African swine fever

Penrith, Mary Louise

doi:10.1186/s43170-020-00011-w

CABI Agriculture and Bioscience

Table 1 Historic and current status, all countries that have reported ASF

From: Current status of African swine fever

Country	ASF known presence	Species confirmed^a	Current status	Relevant references
African region
Sub-region: Eastern, Central and Southern Africa
Present
Angola	1932 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Gago da Câmara 1932)
Botswana	1979 to present	Warthogs; rarely pigs	Endemic in warthogs	(Simpson and Drager 1979)
Burundi	Isolates 1984, 1990	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Lubisi et al. 2005; Phologane et al. 2005)
Cameroon	1982 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Ekue and Wilkinson 1990; Nana-Nukechap and Gibbs 1985)
Central African Republic	2010 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Chad	2010 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Bidjeh et al. 2015)
Congo (Brazzaville)	Before 1975 to present	Domestic pigs, warthogs^b	Endemic	(Plowright et al. 1994; Badaev et al. 1992)
Congo (DRC)	1939 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Bisimwa et al. 2019; Saliki et al. 1985)
Ethiopia	2011–2014	Domestic pigs	Unknown	(Achenbach et al. 2017)
Kenya	1914 to present	Warthogs, pigs	Endemic	(Montgomery 1921; Abworo et al. 2017; Thomas et al. 2016)
Madagascar	1998 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Rousset et al. 2001; Roger et al. 2000)
Malawi	1932 to present	Domestic pigs, warthogs	Endemic	(Turnbull 1931, 1932, 1934; Haresnape et al. 1988)
Mozambique	1954	Warthogs, pigs	Endemic	(Quembo et al. 2016; de Abreu et al. 1962; Penrith et al. 2007)
Namibia	1920s	Warthogs, pigs	Endemic in warthogs	(Plowright et al. 1994)
South Africa	1926 to present	Warthogs, pigs	Endemic in warthogs	(Steyn 1928; De Kock et al. 1940)
Rwanda	482 outbreak reports	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Bisimwa et al. 2019)
Tanzania	1914 to present	Warthogs, pigs	Endemic	(Montgomery 1921; Chang’a et al. 2019; Katale et al. 2012)
Uganda	1983 to present	Warthogs, pigs	Endemic	(Plowright et al. 1994; Atuhaire et al. 2013)
Zambia	1912 to present	Warthogs, pigs	Endemic	(Wilkinson et al. 1988)
Zimbabwe	1970s to present	Warthogs, pigs	Endemic in warthogs	(Plowright et al. 1994)
Historic
Mauritius	2007–2008	Domestic pigs	Free (SD 2012)	(Lubisi et al. 2009)
São Tomé e Principe	1979–1980; 1992	Domestic pigs	Free	(Sánchez-Botija 1982; Wesley and Tuthill 1984)
West Africa
Benin	1997 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Brown et al. 2018)
Burkina Faso	2002 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Brown et al. 2018)
Cape Verde	ca 1959 to present	Domestic pigs	Uncertain	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Brown et al. 2018)
Côte d’Ivoire	1996, 2014, 2018,2019	Domestic pigs	Free with sporadic incursions	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Brown et al. 2018; Couacy-Hymann et al. 2019)
Gambia (The)	1997, 2000	Domestic pigs	Uncertain (no reports)	(Brown et al. 2018)
Ghana	1999; 2002 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Brown et al. 2018)
Guinea Bissau	ca. 1959 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Brown et al. 2018)
Liberia	2011 (AU-IBAR)	Domestic pigs	Unknown	(Panafrican Animal Health Yearbook 2011)
Mali	2016	Domestic pigs	Free	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Nigeria	1973; 1997 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Brown et al. 2018)
Senegal	1959 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Etter et al. 2011)
Sierra Leone	2019	Domestic pigs	Uncertain	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Wadoum et al. 2020)
Togo	1997 to present	Domestic pigs	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Brown et al. 2018)
Caribbean and South America-historic
Brazil	1978–1981	Domestic pigs	Free	(Moura et al. 1978)
Cuba	1971; 1981	Domestic pigs	Free	(Negrin 1980)
Dominican Republic	1978–1980	Domestic pigs	Free	(Rivera 1983)
Haiti	1978–1984	Domestic pigs	Free	(Alexander 1992)
Europe and Transcaucasus
Present/recent
Armenia	2007–2014	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Last outbreak in pigs confirmed in 2014	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Azerbaijan	2008	Domestic pigs	Free (SD 2011)	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Belarus	2013	Domestic pigs	Uncertain	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Belgium	2018–2019	Wild boars	Not yet officially eradicated	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Linden et al. 2018)
Bulgaria	2018–2020	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Not yet eradicated	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Zani et al. 2019)
Czech Republic	2017–2018	Wild boars	Free (SD 2019)	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Marcon et al. 2020)
Estonia	2014 to present	Wild boars, domestic pigs	Free in domestic and captive wild pigs (SD 2018); declining in wild boars	(Nurmoja et al. 2018; Schulz et al. 2019; Nurmoja et al. 2017)
Georgia	2007, 2010, 2011	Domestic pigs	Uncertain	(Vepkhvadze et al. 2017)
Greece	2019	Domestic pigs	Uncertain	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Hungary	2018–2020	Wild boars	Uncertain	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Italy (Sardinia)	1978 to present	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Endemic	(Laddomada et al. 2019; Mur et al. 2016; Contini et al. 1983)
Latvia	2014 to present	Wild boars, domestic pigs	Possibly declining in wild boars; last pig outbreak in mid-2019	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Olsevskis et al. 2014)
Lithuania	2014 to present	Wild boars, domestic pigs	Endemic in wild boars	(Mačiulskis et al. 2020)
Moldova	2016 to present	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Poland	2014 to present	Wild boars, domestic pigs	Endemic in wild boars	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Cwynar et al. 2019; Pejsak et al. 2014; Pejsak et al. 2018)
Romania	2017 to present	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Cwynar et al. 2019)
Russia	2007 to present	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Gogin et al. 2013)
Serbia	2019 to present	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Slovakia	2019 to present	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Ukraine	2012 to present	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Endemic	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Historic
Belgium	1985	Domestic pigs	Free (SD 2008)	(Biront et al. 1987)
France	1964, 1967, 1977	Domestic pigs	Free (SD 2008)	(Costard et al. 2009)
Italy	1967, 1980	Domestic pigs	Free (SD 2008)	(Costard et al. 2009)
Malta	1978–1979	Domestic pigs	Free	(Wilkinson et al. 1980)
Netherlands (The)	1986	Domestic pigs	Free (SD 2008)	(Cwynar et al. 2019; Terpstra and Wensvoort 1986)
Portugal	1957; 1960–1993; 1999	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Free (SD 2008)	(Vigário et al. 1983; Boinas et al. 2004; Madeira et al. 2015)
Portugal (Madeira)	1965, 1974, 1976	Domestic pigs	Free	(Plowright et al. 1994)
Russia	1977^c	Domestic pigs	Eradicated	(Korennoy et al. 2017)
Spain	1960–1994	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Free (SD 2008)	(Sánchez-Vizcaíno et al. 2015; Sánchez-Botija 1982; Ordás et al. 1983)
Asia
Cambodia	2019 to present	Domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
China (People’s Republic)	2018 to present	Domestic pigs, wild boars	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Zhou et al. 2018; Li et al. 2019; Li and Tian 2018)
China (Hong Kong)	2019	Domestic pigs	Uncertain^d	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
India	2020	Domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Indonesia	2019	Domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Iran	2008–2009	Wild boars	Free	(Rahimi et al. 2010)
Korea (North)	2019	Domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Korea (South	2019	Wild boars, domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Kim et al. 2020a; Jo and Gortázar 2020)
Lao	2019	Domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Mongolia	2019, eradicated	Domestic pigs	Free	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Heilmann et al. 2020)
Myanmar	2019 to present	Domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Philippines	2019 to present	Domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Timor Leste	2019	Domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020; Smith et al. 2019)
Vietnam	2019	Domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)
Oceania
Papua New Guinea	2020	Domestic pigs	Infected	(Disease information–Immediate notifications 2005–2020)

https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/Self-declarations/ENG_archive_2000_Feb_2020.pdf
SD self-declaration to OIE
^aNote that African wild suids other than warthogs are not included, as there is relatively little information and a role in the epidemiology of ASF has not been demonstrated although, like warthogs, they are impervious to the pathogenic effects of ASF. They have no association with Ornithodoros ticks due to their habits and habitat, but a limited role for bushpigs may be possible
^bWarthogs are now considered to be extinct in Congo People’s Republic
^cThe outbreaks occurred in Odessa, now part of Ukraine
^dThe outbreaks involved infected pig carcasses from mainland China for processing; there have been no outbreaks in pigs produced in Hong Kong

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ISSN: 2662-4044

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