Table 2 The 11 anticoccidial compounds authorised as feed additives in the European Union (Abbas et al. 2011a; Anadón and Martínez-Larrañaga 2014; AnimalDrugs@FDA 2021; Belanger et al. 2013; Bozkurt et al. 2013; Castanon 2007; Chapman 1997; Clarke et al. 2014; Dorne et al. 2013; Dubey 2019; EU 2021; Gerhold 2014; Goetting et al. 2011; Hafez 2008; Harder and Haberkorn 1989; Kant et al. 2013; Noack et al. 2019; NOAH 2021; Salisch 1989)
Compound | Category | Effective Conc. ppm | Mode of action | Example products and Withdrawal period (days)a | Year of introduction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lasalocid | Divalent ionophore | 75–125 | Disruption of ion balance across biological membranes and therefore membrane potential, stimulation of mitochondrial ATPase activity | Avatec—5 | 1977 |
Maduramicin | Monovalent glycosidic ionophore | 5–6 | Disruption of ion balance across biological membranes by formation of complexes with lipid soluble cations | Cygro—5 | 1989 |
Monensin | Monovalent ionophore | 100–110 | Combines with sodium and potassium cations to form lipid-soluble complexes causing NA+ influx and disruption of membrane permeability to result in osmotic cell lysis | Elancoban—1 | 1971 |
Coxidin—1 | |||||
Monimax (with nicarbazin)—0 | |||||
Narasin | Monovalent ionophore | 60–80 | Forms dynamically reversible lipid soluble complexes with cations which alters transmembrane ion gradients and electrical potentials. Commonly used in combination with nicarbazin | Monteban—0 | 1986 |
Maxiban (with nicarbazin)—0 | |||||
Salinomycin | Monovalent ionophore | 44–66 | Complexly binding monovalent cations, particularly potassium ions, promoting efflux into the cell mitochondria and cytoplasm | Sacox—0 | 1983 |
Semduramicin | Monovalent glycosidic ionophore | 25 | Disruption of ion balance across biological membranes by formation of complexes with lipid soluble cations | Aviax—5 | 1995 |
Decoquinate | Synthetic | 30 | Inhibition of the parasite mitochondrial electron transport and therefore respiration | Deccox—3 | 1967 |
Diclazuril | Synthetic | 1 | Interference in nucleic acid and parasite wall synthesis producing thickened incomplete oocyst walls, disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential | Coxiril—0 | 1990 |
Clinacox—5 | |||||
Halofuginone | Synthetic | 3 | Unknown | Stenorol—5 | 1975 |
Nicarbazin | Synthetic | 125 | Acts as a calcium ionophore by increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, interferes with cholesterol metabolism and the formation of vitelline membrane. Commonly used in combination with narasin | Maxiban (with narasin)—0 | 1955 |
Monimax (with monensin)—0 | |||||
Robenidine | Synthetic | 33 | Respiratory chain phosphorylation, ATPase and oxidative phosphorylation inhibition and energy metabolism interference, prevention of merozoite development | Robenz—5 | 1972 |