Fig. 4

Yield responses to soil, climate and management factors. The partial dependence plots derived using the RF models fitted to the M3-HWSD dataset combination are presented. The variables are sorted by the multicrop- and multidataset-average importance from high (a) to low (i). The y-axis indicates the yield change relative to the crop-specific, non-area-weighted global mean yield. The colored solid lines indicate the relationship between the yield and individual factors that fall within the 90% probability interval of the samples, while the colored dotted lines indicate the relationship that falls within either of the lower 5% or upper 5% intervals. The bold black lines indicate the multicrop-average relationship for the 90%-probability intervals