Table 1 The 17 CMIP5 models used in the simulation study

BCC-CSM 1.1 (Wu 2012)

Beijing Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration

2.8125 × 2.8125

BCC-CSM 1.1(m) (Wu 2012)

Beijing Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration

2.8125 × 2.8125

CSIRO-Mk 3.6.0 (Collier et al. 2011)

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization and the Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence

1.875 × 1.875

FIO-ESM (Song et al. 2012)

The First Institute of Oceanography, SOA, China

2.812 × 2.812

GFDL-CM 3 (Donner et al.2011)

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

2.0 × 2.5

GFDL-ESM 2G (Dunne et al. 2012)

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

2.0 × 2.5

GFDL-ESM2M (Dunne et al.2012)

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory

2.0 × 2.5

GISS-E2-H (Schmidt et al. 2006)

NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies

2.0 × 2.5

GISS-E2-R (Schmidt et al. 2006)

NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies

2.0 × 2.5

HadGEM2-ES (Collins et al.2011)

Met Office Hadley Centre

1.2414 × 1.875

IPSL-CM5A-LR (Dufresne et al. 2013)

Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace

1.875 × 3.75

IPSL-CM5A-MR (Dufresne et al. 2013)

Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace

1.2587 × 2.5

MIROC-ESM (Watanabe et al. 2011)

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

2.8125 × 2.8125

MIROC-ESM-CHEM (Watanabe et al. 2011)

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology

2.8125 × 2.8125

MIROC5 (Watanabe et al.2010)

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology,

Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (The University of Tokyo), and National Institute for Environmental Studies

1.4063 × 1.4063

MRI-CGCM3 (Yukimoto, 2012)

Meteorological Research Institute

1.125 × 1.125

Nor-ESM1-M (Kirkevag et al. 2008)

Norwegian Climate Centre

1.875 × 2.5