Table 1 Gene editing to improve lean growth and efficiency in livestock species
From: The potential for gene-editing to increase muscle growth in pigs: experiences with editing myostatin
References | Gene | Method | Species | Outcome | Phenotypic traits | Gene expression | Histology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zou et al. (2018) | FBXO40 | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Pig | 12 Live born/5424 embryos 10 Homozygous edited 2 Biallelic edited | 9% ↑ Muscle mass | ↑ IRS1 ↑ IGF1/Akt activation | Hypertrophy |
Xiang et al. (2018) | IGF2 | CRISPR/Cas9 MI | Pig | 8 Live born/19 embryos 2 Wild-type 2 Mosaic edited 6 Biallelic edited | ↑ Average daily gain 33% ↑ Carcass weight | 2 to sixfold ↑ IGF2 | Hypertrophy |
Ge et al. (2021) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Cattle | No calves reported | – | – | – |
Luo et al. (2014) | MSTN | ZFN SCNT | Cattle | 3 Live born/35 pregnancies 3 Biallelic edited | ↑ Muscularity | ↑ MYOG ↓ CDKN1A ↓ MYF5 | Hypertrophy |
Gim et al. (2021) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 MI-IVF | Cattle | 17 Live born/19 embryos 3/17 Calves edited 0.1 to 89.5% mosaicism | ↑ Muscularity | – | – |
Proudfoot et al. (2015) | MSTN | TALEN MI-IVF | Cattle | 2 Live born/20 embryos 1 Wild-type/1 edited Multiple alleles/mosaicism | ↑ Muscularity | – | – |
Zhang et al. (2019) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Sheep | 4 Live born/440 embryos 3 Edited | – | – | Hypertrophy |
Crispo et al. (2015) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 MI-IVF | Sheep | 22 Live born/53 embryos 2 Monoallelic edited 8 Biallelic edited | 20–30% ↑ Body weight | – | – |
Han et al. (2014) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 MI | Sheep | 35 Live born/213 embryos 2 Biallelic edited Multiple allele mosaicism | – | – | – |
Proudfoot et al. (2015) | MSTN | TALEN MI-IVF | Sheep | 9 Live born/26 embryos 1 Monoallelic edited | – | – | – |
Wang et al. (2015a) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 MI | Sheep | 36 Live born/578 embryos 10 Edited Multiple alleles | ↑ Birth weight ↑ Average daily gain 29% ↑ Body weight @ 240 days | – | Hypertrophy |
Ding et al. (2020) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 MI | Sheep | 35 Live born/640 embryos 10 Monoallelic edited 3 w/ mosaicism | ↑ Average daily gain ↑ Body weight ↑ Muscularity | – | – |
Ni et al. (2014) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Goat | 3 Live born/7 pregnancies 1/3 Died due to SCNT associated phenotypes | – | – | – |
Zhang et al. (2018) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Goat | 1 Live born/134 embryos Monoallelic edited | ↑ Birth weight ↑ Growth rate | – | Hypertrophy |
Yu et al. (2016) | MSTN | TALEN SCNT | Goat | 1 Live born/403 embryos Monoallelic edited | – | – | Hypertrophy |
Guo et al. (2016) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 MI | Goat | 4 Live born/18 embryos 1/4 Edited 33% Mosaicism | – | – | – |
He et al. (2018) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 MI | Goat | 6 Edited/8 live born 4 Monoallelic 2 Biallelic | ↑ Growth rate ↑ Muscularity | – | Hyperplasia & hypertrophy |
Wang et al. (2015a) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 MI | Goat | 79 Live born/416 embryos 15 Edited | – | – | – |
Guo et al. (2016) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 MI | Rabbit | 34 Born/315 embryos 24 Biallelic edited Multiple allele mosaicism 0 to 88.9% mosaicism | 14/34 Born with large-tongue syndrome ↑ Birth weight ↑ Muscularity | ↑ MYOG | – |
Bi et al. (2016) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Pig | 2 Live born/685 embryos 2 Monoallelic edited | 12% ↑ Body weight 72% ↑ L.dorsi muscle 65% ↓ Backfat | ↑ MYOD1 ↑ MYF5 ↑ MYOG | Hyperplasia |
Kang et al. (2017) | MSTN | TALEN SCNT | Pig | 18 Live born/646 embryos 100% Biallelic edited | 10% ↑ Dressing percent 30% ↑ L.dorsi area 60% ↓ Backfat 56% ↑ Type II myofibers 80% ↓ Adipocyte size | ––- | Hypertrophy |
Kang et al. (2014) | MSTN | – | Pig | Heterozygous edited piglets viable Homozygous edited piglets lethal < 10 days of age | Heterozygotes ↑ Lean proportion ↓ Decrease backfat | Homozygotes ↓ TNMD ↓ TNC ↓ COL1A1 | Hypertrophy |
Li et al. (2020) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Pig | 16 Live born/955 embryos 1 Monoallelic edited 2 Biallelic edited 13 Died < 3 weeks | ↑ Muscularity | ↑ IGF2 ↑ MYOD1 ↑ MYF5 ↑ MYOG ↑ IGF1/Akt activation | Hyperplasia |
Rao et al. (2016) | MSTN | TALEN SCNT | Pig | 4 Live born/55 embryos 4 Biallelic edited 3/4 Died in first 24 h 1 Euthanized at 28 days | 70% ↑ L.dorsi muscle ↑ Type II myofibers | – | Hyperplasia |
Qian et al. (2015) | MSTN | TALEN SCNT | Pig | 19 Live born/2631 embryos 9 Survived to adulthood Mendelian segregation in 2nd generation | 15% ↑ Body weight 24% ↑ Carcass weight 12% ↑ Lean percent 7% ↓ Body fat ↑ Vertebrae number | – | Hyperplasia |
Wang et al. (2015b) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Pig | 12 Live born/955 embryos 8 Biallelic edited 8/8 Edited piglets died within 1 week | – | ↑ MYOG ↓ MYOD1 ↓ MYF5 | Hyperplasia |
Wang et al. (2016b) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Pig | 1 Stillborn/930 embryos Monoallelic edited | – | – | – |
Wang et al. (2017) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Pig | 26 Live born/2290 embryos 23 Biallelic edited | ↑ Birth weight ↑ Muscularity | – | – |
Zou et al. (2019) | MSTN | CRISPR/Cas9 SCNT | Pig | 2 Live born/1143 embryos 2 Monoallelic edited | – | – | – |