Table 4 Eco-friendly pest management options than can be used for the suppression of important pests on avocado, litchi and mango in South Africa
Host plant | Pest species | Eco-friendly pest management options | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Avocado | African bollworm | 1. Registered products Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaNPV) (Bolldex®, Graboll) | (South African Avocado Growers’ Association 2022c) |
Avocado | False codling moth | 1. Registered products Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (Cryptex®, Cryptogran™) Beauveria bassiana (Eco-Bb) Mating disruption (CheckMate FCM-F, Isomate® FCM, RB Splat FCM, X-Mate™ FCM) 2. Parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae (BioTrichogramma, Tri-mX®, Tripar-C) 3. Sanitation 4. Sterile Insect Technique (Xsit FCM SIT) | (Moore 2021; South African Avocado Growers’ Association 2022c; Website BioBee, Website Koppert; Website; Vital Bugs; Website X Sterile Insect Technique (Pty) Ltd) |
Avocado | Fruit flies | 1. Registered products Bait spray (GF-120™ NF)1 Bait stations (M3α Fruit Fly Bait Station2) Male annihilation technique for Bactrocera dorsalis (Invader-b-Lok™3 Static Spinosad ME4, Bi-ME mat blocks3) 2. Sanitation | (South African Avocado Growers Association 2022c) |
Avocado | Mealybugs | 1. Parasitoids Anagyrus vladimiri (BioAnagyrus, Citripar) Coccidoxenoides perminutus (BioPerminutus, Permipar, Per-mX®) 2. Predators Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (BioCryptolaemus, Cryptobug, Cryptobug-L) Nephus bipunctatus (BioNephus) Nephus sp. (Nephubug) | (Website BioBee, Website Koppert, Website Vital Bugs) |
Avocado | Scale | 1. Parasitoid Aphytis melinus (Aphytis, BioAphytis) 2. Predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (BioCryptolaemus, Cryptobug, Cryptobug-L) | (Website BioBee; Website Koppert) |
Avocado | Thrips | 1. Registered products Sulphur (Buster 800 WDG, Cosavet, Dusting Sulphur, Eco Fungimite, Flowable Sulphur, Kumulus WG, Microthiol Special, Saffron, Striker, SunFlo 800 SC, Sulfoman, Sulfomaxx, Sulphur 800 WDG, SulfoPlus, Sulfostar, ThiovitJet, Wettable Sulphur) Fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Real Metarhizium 69) 2. Predators Amblydromalus limonicus (Limonica) Amblyseius swirskii (Swirski-Mite, Swirski-Mite LD, Swirski-Mite Plus, Swirski Ulti-Mite) Macrocheles robustulus (Macro-Mite) Neoseiulus cucumeris (Thripex, Thripex-Plus) Orius sp. (BioOrius,) Orius sp. + BioArtFeed (premium Artemia cysts) (BioOrius Combo) Orius laevigatus (Thripor-L) | South African Avocado Growers Association 2022c; Website BioBee; Website Koppert) |
Litchi | African Bollworm | 1. Registered products Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaNPV) (Graboll, Bolldex®) | (South African Litchi Growers’ Association 2022c) |
Litchi | False codling moth | 1. Registered products Beauvaria bassiana (strain PPRI 5339) (BroadBand) Beauvaria bassiana (Eco-Bb) Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV-SA) (Cryptogran™) Mating disruption (CheckMate FCM-F, Isomate® FCM, RB Splat FCM, X-Mate™ FCM) 2. Parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae (BioTrichogramma, Tri-mX®, Tripar-C) 3. Sterile Insect Technique (Xsit FCM SIT) | (Moore 2021; South African Litchi Growers’ Association 2022c; Website BioBee; Website Koppert; Website Vital Bugs; Website Sterile Insect Technique (Pty) Ltd) |
Litchi | Fruit flies | 1. Registered products Bait spray (GF-120™ NF) Bait stations (M3α Fruit Fly Bait Station) Male annihilation technique for Bactrocera dorsalis (Invader-b-Lok™, Bi-ME mat blocks, Static Spinosad ME) | (South African Litchi Growers’ Association 2022c) |
Litchi | Litchi moth | 1. Parasitoid Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae (Tripar-C) | (Website Koppert) |
Mango | African Bollworm | 1. Registered products Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaNPV) (Bolldex®, Graboll) | (South African Mango Growers’ Association 2022c) |
Mango | Fruit flies | 1. Registered products Bait sprays (Cura Fly Fruit Fly Bait1, GF-120™ NF, FF240 Fruit Fly Bait1) Attract and Kill (Last Call™ F.F.3) Bait stations (M3α Fruit Fly Bait Station) Male annihilation technique for Bactrocera dorsalis (Invader-b-Lok™, Static Spinosad ME, Bi-ME mat blocks) 2. Sanitation 3. Harvesting fruit at the mature green stage | (Grové and De Beer 2017; South African Mango Growers’ Association 2022c) |
Mango | Mango weevil | 1. Sanitation | (Grové and De Beer 2017) |
Mango | Mealybugs | 1. Parasitoids Anagyrus vladimiri (BioAnagyrus, Citripar) Coccidoxenoides perminutus (BioPerminutus, Permipar, Per-mX®) 2. Predators Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (BioCryptolaemus, Cryptobug, Cryptobug-L) Nephus bipunctatus (BioNephus) Nephus sp. (Nephubug) | (Website BioBee; Website Koppert; Website vital bugs) |
Mango | Scales | 1. Parasitoid Aphytis melinus (Aphytis, BioAphytis) 2. Predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (BioCryptolaemus, Cryptobug, Cryptobug-L) | (Website BioBee; Website Koppert) |
Mango | Thrips | 1. Predators Amblydromalus limonicus (Limonica) Amblyseius swirskii (Swirski-Mite, Swirski-Mite LD, Swirski-Mite Plus, Swirski Ulti-Mite), Macrocheles robustulus (Macro-Mite) Neoseiulus cucumeris (Thripex, Thripex-Plus) Orius sp. (BioOrius,) Orius sp. + BioArtFeed (premium Artemia cysts) (BioOrius Combo) Orius laevigatus (Thripor-L) | (Website BioBee; Website Koppert) |