Table 1 Previously detected effects of climate on yield, according to stages of oil palm fruit development

36

Frond initiated

Hypothesized: positive impact of temperature and rainfall

33

Inflorescence initiated

Negative effect of photoperiod 33–34 months prior to harvest (Indonesia) (note that this is intercorrelated with the same effect at 9–10 months), although it is unclear whether oil palm is sufficiently sensitive to photoperiod to justify this effect (Corley & Tinker, 2016, Sect. 5.4.4.1)

Legros et al. (2009a)

~ 22–28

Sex determination

Positive effect of useful radiation anomaly (which was adjusted for water deficit) 24–25 months prior to harvest (Ivory Coast)

Dufour et al. (1998)

Positive effect of soil water availability (simulated fraction of transpirable soil water) 26–27 months prior to harvest respectively (Indonesia)

Legros et al. (2009a)

Positive effect of soil water availability (simulated fraction of transpirable soil water) and photoperiod combined at 29 months prior to harvest (Indonesia)

Legros et al. (2009a)

Positive effect of monthly rainfall 20–24 months prior to harvest (Malaysia)

Chow (1992)

~ 12–19

Inflorescence development: number of spikelets and number of flowers per spikelet determined

Negative effect of water deficit anomaly 7–13 months prior to harvest (Ivory Coast)

Dufour et al. (1998)

Positive effect of temperature anomaly 13 months prior to harvest (Malaysia)

Shanmuganathan & Narayanan (2012)

Negative effect of monthly rainfall 13 months prior to harvest (Malaysia), although this was unexplained

Chow (1992)

Negative effect of water deficit anomaly 7–13 months prior to harvest (Ivory Coast)

Dufour et al. (1998)

9–10

Inflorescence abortion

Negative effect of water deficit anomaly 7–13 months prior to harvest (Ivory Coast)

Dufour et al. (1998)

Negative effect of photoperiod 9–10 months prior to harvest (Indonesia) (note that this is intercorrelated with the same effect at 33–34 months), although it is unclear whether oil palm is sufficiently sensitive to photoperiod to justify this effect (Corley & Tinker, 2016, Sect. 5.4.4.1)

Legros et al. (2009a)

Negative effect of cumulative water balance (monthly rainfall – potential evapotranspiration) 10 months prior to harvest (Indonesia)

Legros et al. (2009b)

Positive effect of monthly rainfall 10–11 months prior to harvest (Malaysia)

Chow (1992)

5–6

Flowering (pollination required)

Negative effect of monthly rainfall, and positive effect of sunshine hours, 6 months prior to harvest: indicates impacts of climate on pollinator activity (Sabah, Malaysia)

Hoong & Donough (1998)

0–5

Fruit development (ripening)

Positive effect of monthly rainfall and temperature with lag of 3 and 4–5 months prior to harvest respectively (Sabah, Malaysia)

Puah & Sidik (2011)

Negative effect of monthly rainfall, and positive effect of sunshine hours, on oil to bunch ratio 0–1 months prior to harvest (Sabah, Malaysia)

Hoong & Donough (1998)