Table 1 Genes conferring PPD tolerance in cassava
From: Breeding for postharvest physiological deterioration in cassava: problems and strategies
Gene(s) | Encoded Enzyme | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
MePAL1, MePAL2, MePAL3, MePAL4, MePAL5 and MePAL6 | Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) | Deamination of L-phenylalanine to (E)-cinnamate | Lim, 2019 |
MeC4H1 | Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) | C4H is a member of the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase family (P450s) that catalyzes the hydroxylation of (E)-cinnamate into (E)-p-coumarate (also known as 4-coumarate) | Lim, 2019 |
Me4CL1, Me4CL2, Me4CL3 and Me4CL4 | 4-Coumarate COA-Ligase (4CL) | Catalyze p-coumarate to form p-coumaroyl CoA in an ATP dependent formation of the thioester bond between coenzyme A (CoA) and its carboxyl group | Lim, 2019 |
MeHCT1, MeHCT2 | Hydroxycinnamoyl-COA Shikimate: Quinate Hydroxycinnamoyl-transferase (HCT) | Catalyses the transfer of the p-coumaroyl group in p-coumaroyl CoA to shikimate to produce p-coumaroyl shikimate (Hoffmann et al., 2003) | Lim, 2019 |
MeCCoAOMT1, MeCCoAOMT2 | Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) | Catalyzes the transfer of the methyl group of Caffeoyl CoA to yield feruloyl CoA | Lim, 2019 |
MeF6′H1, MeF6′H2, MeF6′H3, MeF6′H4, MeF6′H5, MeF6′H6 and MeF6′H7 | F6’H (Feruloyl COA 6’-Hydroxylase) | During scopoletin biosynthesis, F6’H incorporates a hydroxyl group to feruloyl-CoA, turning it to 6’-hydroxyferuloyl CoA (Liu etal. 2017) | |
MeCOMT1, MeCOMT2 | Caffeic acid O-Methyltransferase (COMT) | Catalyze methoxylation of esculetin to produce scopoletin | Lim, 2019 |
MecCAT1 (DT883577, AF170272) | Catalase | Involved in turnover of ROS where they detoxify harmful ROS or indirectly utilise ROS in cellular functions | |
MecPX3 (DN740367, AY973612) | Secretory peroxidases | Play a role in vascular streaking reaction of PPD | Reilly et al. 2007 |
DT883578 | Thioredoxin peroxidase | Catalyse the reduction of either H2O2 or various alkyl hydroperoxides to water and the corresponding alcohol in the presence of thioredoxin proteins | Reilly et al. 2007 |
DT883579 | Thioredoxin –like protein | ||
DT883580 | Glutathione-S-transferase | Catalyse the conjugation of glutathione to a range of electrophilic, hydrophobic and cytotoxic substrates, thereby reducing their toxicity. During oxidative stress they detoxify metabolites resulting from oxidative damage such as lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA degradation products | Rentel and Knight, 2004 |
DT883581 | Metallothionein | ROS scavenging and metal homeostasis | Wong et al. 2004 |
DT883582 | Quinine oxidoreductase | Break down quinones and semiquinone intermediates resulting from the reduction of quinones. Semiquinones in particular can donate electrons to oxygen, causing the production of superoxide anions | Matvienko et al. 2001 |
DN740363 | Similar to plant auxin-induced aldo/keto reductase (AKR) | Detoxification of ROS produced during plant stress | Zhang et al. 2005 |
DT883583 | Similar to early light inducible protein (ELIP), | Detoxification of ROS produced during plant stress | Zhang et al. 2005 |
DN740375 | ACC oxidase sequence | Encodes a novel cassava phospholipase. Plants phospholipases are activated in response to cellular and environmental cues and play a role in signal transduction during stress responses via the formation of lipid-derived messengers, as well as in membrane remodeling and degradation | Yuan et al. 2010 |
DN740369 | Immunophilin | Their function in plants is not yet clear; however, they are proposed to be involved in trafficking of signal proteins in plants. Several plant FKBPs are induced by heat and other stress | Krishna and Kanelakis 2003 |
DN740364 | Cysteine protease | The cysteine proteases are proteolytic enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of proteins. Specific proteases may also act as mediators of signal transduction and/or effectors of programmed cell death. They have been implicated in senescence and in response to stresses, such as drought, cold, wounding, ethylene treatment and glucose starvation | Reilly et al. 2007 |
DN740377 | Class IV chitinase | Catalyse hydrolysis of chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls. Class IV chitinase are proposed to be involved in programmed cell death | |
DT883584 | Dehydrin | They are expressed during periods of water stress, or in response to other environmental stresses where osmotic stress is a component of the stress mechanism. May function as structure stabilizers with detergent and chaperone-like properties | |
DT883585 | Hsp70 sequence | Induced by a variety of stress conditions including heat shock, wounding, water deficit, ABA and cold, and could play a general role in stress adaptation | |
DN740371 | PIP1 type aquaporins | Regulate water permeability by increasing water permeation across biological membranes | Reilly et al. 2007 |
DN740353 | PIP2 type aquaporins | ||
DN740350 | Gamma adaptin | Subunits of adaptor protein complexes, which are involved in intracellular vesicle transport | |
DN740360 | Pyrophosphatase (H+ PPase) | Hydrolyses pyrophosphate, a by-product of metabolic processes such as protein, starch and cellulose synthesis, coupled to active proton transport across the vacuolar membrane and leading to acidification of the vacuole | Reilly et al. 2007 |
DT883571 | ATP/ADP translocase | An anti-porter of the inner plastid and mitochondrial membrane. ATP is usually exported to the cytoplasm and ADP imported for further ATP synthesis | Reilly et al. 2007 |
DT883569 | Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) | Breaks and join xyloglucan polymers, the major hemicellulose of the primary cell wall, thereby reinforcing the wall during growth and in response to mechanical strain | |
DT883565 | Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose dehydrogenase | Up-regulated in response to wounding and involved biosynthesis of sugar nucleotides required for biosynthesis of hemicellulose components | |
DN740379 | Germin-like protein (GLP) | Cell wall remodeling during both development and stress responses though exact nature of their role in these processes is unclear | |
AOX1A | Alternative oxidase cyanide-resistant terminal oxidase | Lowers mitochondrial reactive oxygen production in plant cells | Zidenga et al. 2012 |
CYP79D1, CYP79D2 | Cytochrome P450 enzymes | Involved in the synthesis of the cyanogenic glycosides linamarin and lotaustralin in the root | |
DT883570 | Cytochrome b5 reductase | Proposed to act as a direct or indirect electron donor in the biosynthesis of products such as sterols, terpenoids and gibberellic acids | |
DN740366, DT883564 | UDP glycosyltransferases | Biosynthesis of disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides and catalyze the formation of glycosidic bonds | Reilly et al. 2007 |
DT883572 | Enzyme L-asparaginase | Involved in asparaginase hydrolysis in plants. Ammonia is released in the reaction and is utilized for the synthesis of nitrogen containing compounds, including amino acids required for protein synthesis | |
DT883574 | Ketol-acid reductoisomerase | An enzyme involved in synthesis of branched chain amino acids including isoleucine and valine | |
DT883573 | Transaldolase | An enzyme of the non-oxidative branch of the plant pentose phosphate pathway that is involved in transfer of carbohydrates from primary to secondary metabolism allowing synthesis of aromatic amino acids, flavonoids and lignin | Caillau and Quick 2005 |
DT883575 | Arginine decarboxylase | Involved in the synthesis of putrescine in response to plant stress and wounding | Perez-Amador et al. 2002 |
DN740380 | Auxin-repressed protein-like protein ARP1 | Potential roles in signal transduction or perception | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591276 | GTP-binding protein | Potential roles in signal transduction or perception | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591277 | Nuclear transport factor, putative | Potential roles in signal transduction or perception | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591278 | Cell wall-plasma membrane linker protein | Potential roles in cell wall metabolism and remodelling | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591279 | Translation initiation factor | Roles in transcription or translation | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591280 | Putative ribosomal protein L10a | Roles in transcription or translation | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591281 | Structural constituent of ribosome | Roles in transcription or translation | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591282 | Nucleic acid binding | Roles in transcription or translation | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591275 | Electron transporter/thiol-disulphide exchange | Roles in protein modification | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591283 | Polyubiquitin | Roles in protein modification | Reilly et al. 2007 |
DN740383 | Arabidopsis expressed | Role unknown or uncharacterized | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591291 | Unknown protein | Role unknown or uncharacterized | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591292 | Conserved hypothetical protein | Role unknown or uncharacterized | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591284 | Unknown protein | Role unknown or uncharacterized | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591285 | Unknown protein | Role unknown or uncharacterized | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591286 | Unknown protein | Role unknown or uncharacterised | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591289 | No protein match | Role unknown or uncharacterized | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591290 | No protein match | Role unknown or uncharacterized | Reilly et al. 2007 |
EC591287 | M. esculenta allergenic-related protein Pt2L4I | Role unknown or uncharacterized | Reilly et al. 2007 |
DT883602 | Translationally controlled tumour protein | Role unknown or uncharacterized | Reilly et al. 2007 |
DT883603 | Cystatin-like protein | Role unknown or uncharacterized | Reilly et al. 2007 |