Table 3 Biostimulants effects to mitigate from the different types of abiotic stress in fruit crops
From: Sustainable production through biostimulants under fruit orchards
Types of abiotic stress | Name of crop | Biostimulants agent | Doses and conc | Mode of application | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cold stress | Avocado, Grapefruit | Methyl Jasmonates | (2.5 µM)-25 µM | Dipping | •↓↓ chilling injuries •↑↑ shelf life | Meir et al. (1996) |
Strawberry | Protein hydrolysate from animal origin | 2.5 g/L | Drenching | •↑↑Increased plant biomass •Promotes flowering, and early production of fruit | Marfà et al. (2008) | |
Grapevines | PGPB (Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN | 3 × 108 CFU/ml bacterial Suspension | Root immersion | •Promotes Stress-related gene transcripts and metabolite levels •↑↑ metabolic activity | Theocharis et al. (2012) | |
strawberry | amino-acids of animal origin (porcine blood) | Alba at 1.5 g and cv. Clery and Alba at 0.5 g | Foliar spray | •Delay spring frosts and other climatic hazards for growing outdoors | Bogunović et al. (2015) | |
Strawberry | Boron and plant growth promoting bacteria suspension | 10% boron and 109 CFU/ml bacterial, 90 L/ha | Both Foliar spray and soil | •↑↑ yield, antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased freeze •↓↓Injury | Gunes et al. (2016) | |
Blueberry | AMF (Glomus mosseae) | – | Soil application | •↑↑ superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase •↑↑ improves peroxidase activities, soluble •↑↑ sugar, proline ascorbate and glutathione accumulation | Liu et al. (2017) | |
Heat stress | Apple | Carnauba wax | 12.5% (v/v) withwater | Foliar spray | •↓↓ sunburn damage •↓↓ fruit surface temperature and transmission of ultraviolet radiation | Schrader (2011) |
Pomegranate | Kaolin | 3% concentration | Foliar spray | •↓↓ sunburn •↓↓ fruit cracking and incidence of fruit borer and bacterial blight •↑↑ physico-chemical properties of the fruit | Sharma et al. (2018a) | |
Drought stress | Grapevines | AMF (Glomus mosseae) | 50 cm3 of inoculum per pot | Soil application | •↑↑ pre-dawn leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and leaf net-CO2 exchange rates | Nikolaou et al. (2003) |
Grapevines | Marine active substances extracted from seaweeds | 0.1% Potted plants in greenhouse | Foliar spray | •↑↑ mid day leaf water potential, •↑↑stomatal conductance and leaf net-CO2 exchange rates | Mancuso et al. (2006) | |
Grapes | chitosan (Biochikol 020 PC) | 0.5, 1 and 2% | Dipping | •↑↑ rooting of the cuttings, •↑↑ the number of new canes & no. of internodes and chlorophyll content in the leaves | Gornik et al. (2008) | |
Citrus | Seaweed extract Brown Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract | – | Soil drench or foliar application | •↑↑ growth and stem water potential | Spann and Little (2011) | |
Loquat | AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) | 300 g of mycorrhizal inoculum per plant | Soil application | •↑↑ dry biomass and leaf water potential •↑↑ osmotic adjustments at root level (high proline concentration) and to the anti-oxidative molecule (i.e. glutathione) | ||
Mango, | Potassium silicate | 1.5 m M Si | Drenching | •↑↑ vegetative and productive growth •↑↑ tolerance to water stressed conditions •↓↓ harmful effects of ROS | Helaly et al. (2017) | |
Salinity stress | Tangerine orange | AMF (Glomus mosseae and Paraglomus occultum) | Plants exposed to 0 and 100 mM NaCl | Soil application | •↑↑ plant growth (height, stem diameter, shoot, root and total plant biomass) •↑↑ photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance | Wu et al (2010) |
Strawberry | PGPB (Bacillus subtilis EY2, Bacillus atrophaeus EY6, Bacillus spharicus GC | 108 CFU ml −1) for 30 min | Root dipping in bacterial suspensions | •↓↓ Sodium and chloride leaf and root content •↑↑ Increased leaf relative water content and final yield | Karlidag et al. (2013) | |
Apple | AMF (Glomus versiforme) | (100 ml of inoculum) Potted plants | Drenching | •↑↑ leaf turgidity •↑↑ root length •↓↓ harmful effects of ROS •↑↑ ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities) •↑↑ K + /Na + ratio | Yang et al. (2009) | |
Strawberry | AMF (Funneliformis caledonius, Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis | 100 or 50 fungal propagules per plant) | Soil application | •↑↑ salt tolerance •↑↑ increased shoot and root mass •Promotes Genotype-specific effect of AMF inoculation | Sinclair et al. (2014) | |
Persimmon | Protein hydrolysate | 5 L/ha, | Drenching | •↓↓ Cl− uptake, leaf necrosis, and leaf water potential •↑↑ biosynthesis of salt-stress-response proteins | Visconti et al. (2015) | |
Date palm | AMF (Glomus mosseae), PGPB (Azospirillum lipoferum, Paenibacillus polymyxa and Bacillus circulans) and putrescine amine | Soil drench application with 85 ml per plant | Drenching | •↓↓ salt-induced oxidative damage •↑↑ photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activity, organic solutes •promotes growth substances (e.g. gibberellic acid) •↓↓ lipid peroxidation and abscisic acid level | Naser et al. (2016) | |
Grapevines | Potassium silicate (K2SiO3ˑ9H2O) | Dosage: (2 mM) | Drenching | •↑↑leaf-area expansion rates, plant height growth, leaf photosynthesis, •↑↑ yield and potential •↑↑ the efficiency of the photosystem II | Qin et al. (2016) | |
Strawberry | Potassium silicate | 1 g/L | Drenching | •↑↑ peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity •↓↓ion of proline content •↑↑ fruit yield | Yaghubi et al. (2016) | |
Citrus | Unisale | 7.9 L/fed | Drenching | •Protect from the saline condition improves growth and development | Hamed et al. (2017) | |
Nutritional | Olive | Leonardite extract (Leonardite derived humic acid) | – | Drenching | •↑↑ shoot growth, •↑↑ leaf K, B, Mg, Ca and Fe content Foliar spray | Fernández Escobar et al. (1996) |
Pear | Amino acid chelate Commercial aminoacid chelate foliar fertlizers | – | Foliar spray | •↑↑ leaf Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn content Foliar spray | Koksal et al. (1999) | |
Strawberry | Actiwave® (Ascophyllum nodosum) | 10 ml/L | Nutrient solution | •↑↑ vegetative growth & chlorophyll "stomatal •↑↑ physico-chemical properties of fruit | Spinelli et al. (2010) | |
Pecannut | Protein hydrolysate Commercial organic biostimulant (Supramino) combined with urea, boric acid and zinc sulfate | 0.5% urea + 0.1% boric acid + 0.5% zinc sulphate + 5 ml/L supramino | Foliar spray | •↑↑ nut weight, kernel weight/length/breadth •↑↑ Increased fruit size and weight •↑↑ kernel protein content •↑↑Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu foliar content | Ashraf et al. (2013) | |
Almond | Seaweed extract Mixture of commercial plant based biostimulants (Mega Fol, Brexil-Zn, and MC-Extra) (GroZyme) | – | Foliar spray | •↑↑ shoot leaf area, shoot length •↑↑ biomass | Saa et al. (2015) | |
Apricot | Humic substances Commercial Leonardite derived humic acid (Actosol) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) extract | – | Foliar spray | •↑↑ tree yield •↑↑ vegetative growth •↑↑ total leaf chlorophyll a •↑↑ leaf N, P, K, Mg content Foliar spray | Fatma et al. (2015) |