Table 6 List of methods used to control aflatoxins

i

Physical

Mechanical Sorting

• Cleaning

• Sorting

• Handpicking

Peng et al. 2018;

Arzandeh et al. 2011;

Mgbeahuruike et al. 2018; Fan et al. 2013; Pérez‐Flores et al. 2011; Ogbadu 1980; Rohimah 2021;

Kim et al. 2014;

Hwang and Lee 2006

Heating and Humidification

• Roasting

• Steaming

• Cooking

Radiation and Ionization

• UV rays

• Gamma rays

• Microwaves

Adsorption

• Activated carbon

• Sorbents

• Clay

Electrolyzed water treatment

Pulsed light technology

Alterations in soil conditions

• Farm yard manure

• Gypsum

• Hydroxide

• Bicarbonates

• Calcium Chloride

Cold plasma technology

• Argon plasma

• Radio frequency plasma

ii

Chemical

Ozonization

Mendez-Albores et al. 2007;

Wang et al. 2020

Ammoniation

Ammonium gas or ammonium hydroxide

HCl treatment

Lactic acid and citric acid treatment

iii

Biological

Enzymes

• F-240 dependent reductase

• P. ostreatus

• aflatoxin-detoxifizyme

Peles et al. 2021;

Dorner 2009;

Zucchi et al. 2008;

Campos-Avelar et al. 2021;

Holmes et al. 2008; Degola et al. 2017; Zucchi et al. 2008; Sultan and Magan 2011; Campos-Avelar et al. 2021; Holmes et al. 2008; Rohimah 2021; Lillehoj et al. 1979; Mishra and Das 2003; Benkourrum 2020; Motomura et al. 2003; Guo et al. 1997; Munkvold and Hellmich 1999

Bacteria

• Streptomyces and their isolates

• Achromobacter xylosoxidans

• Bacillus subtilis

• Propionibacterium

• Lactobacillus

• Enterococcus faecium

• Streptococcus lacti

• Rhodococcus erythropolis

• Bacillus licheniformis

• Strains of Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus,

• Flavobacterium aurantiacum NRRL B-184

Fungi

• Rhizopus oligosporus

• Aspergillus niger

• Eurotium herbariorum

• Saccharomyces cervesisiae

• Nontoxigenic strains of Aspergillus

Plants and plant-based products

• Maize inbred Tex6