Economic impacts and management of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in smallholder agriculture: a panel data analysis for Ghana

Table 6 Effect of FAW on maize productivity

	ln[Maize yield (kg/ha)]			ln[Maize income (GHC/ha)]
	Pooled OLS	FE^b	CRE	Pooled OLS	FE	CRE
Fall armyworm^a	− 0.116	− 0.053	− 0.148	− 0.859	− 0.470	− 0.788
	(0.081)	(0.125)	(0.163)	(0.680)	(0.587)	(0.673)
Control variables included	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region fixed effects	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Mean of time varying variables included	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes
R-squared	0.3092	0.0076	0.3312	0.1413	0.0087	0.1564
F / Wald chi2	13.00***	2.75***	314.65***	5.78***	2.09**	149.28***
Hausman test chi2^b		26.65*			24.74*
F test that all u_i = 0^c		1.92***			1.38***
Observations	740	740	740	740	740	740

Values in parentheses are robust standard errors
The full regression results are presented in Additional file 1: Table S1
^aComparison group is no FAW infestation
^bHausman test of fixed versus random effects specification
^cThe statistically significant F test means that panel data models (rather than pooled OLS) are appropriate for our data
*p < 0.1
** p < 0.05
***p < 0.01

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