Economic impacts and management of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in smallholder agriculture: a panel data analysis for Ghana

Table 8 Effect of levels of FAW infestation on maize productivity (FAW-affected sample)

	ln[Maize yield (kg/ha)]			ln[Maize income (GHC/ha)]
	Pooled OLS	FE	CRE	Pooled OLS	FE	CRE
Moderate FAW infestation^a	− 0.155*	− 0.039	− 0.050	− 0.003	0.298	0.291
	(0.090)	(0.127)	(0.127)	(0.503)	(0.787)	(0.797)
Major FAW infestation^a	− 0.204*	− 0.087	− 0.103	− 0.253	0.211	0.099
	(0.120)	(0.187)	(0.185)	(0.631)	− 0.989	(0.987)
Control variables included	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Region fixed effects	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Mean of time varying variables included	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes
R-squared	0.3038	0.0193	0.3238	0.1384	0.0055	0.1561
F / Wald chi2	11.38***	3.22***	476.93***	4.43***	1.66*	138.84***
Hausman test chi2^b		21.54*			21.50*
F test that all u_i = 0^c		1.68***			1.25**
Observations	694	694	694	694	694	694

Values in parentheses are robust standard errors
The full regression results are presented in Additional file 1: Table S3
^aComparison group is minor FAW infestation
^bHausman test of fixed versus random effects specification
^cThe statistically significant F test means that panel data models (rather than pooled OLS) are appropriate for our data
*p < 0.1
** p < 0.05
***p < 0.01

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